|
Black Friday (Persian: جمعه سیاه ''Jom'e-ye Siyāh'') is the name given to 8 September 1978 (17 Shahrivar 1357 Iranian calendar) and the shootings in Jaleh Square (Persian: میدان ژاله ''Meydān-e Jāleh'') in Tehran, Iran. The deaths and the reaction to them has been described as a pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution when any "hope for compromise" between the protest movement and the Shah's regime was extinguished.〔Abrahamian, Ervand, ''History of Modern Iran,'' Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 160–1〕 ==Background and massacre== As protest against the Shah's rule continued during the spring and summer of 1978, the Iranian government declared martial law. On 8 September, thousands gathered in Tehran's Jaleh Square for a religious demonstration, despite the fact that the government had declared martial law the day before. The soldiers ordered the crowd to disperse, but the order was ignored. Initially, it was thought that either because of this reason, or because of the fact that the protesters kept pushing towards the military, the military opened fire, killing and wounding several people. Black Friday is thought to have marked the point of no return for the revolution, and led to the abolition of Iran's monarchy less than a year later. It is also believed that Black Friday played a crucial role in further radicalizing the protest movement, uniting the opposition to the shah and mobilized the masses. Initially opposition and western journalists claimed that the Iranian army massacred thousands of protesters. 〔 〕 The clerical leadership announced that "thousands have been massacred by Zionist troops."〔Taheri, ''The Spirit of Allah'' (1985), p. 223.〕 The events triggered protests continued for another four months. The day after Black Friday, 9 September 1978, Hoveyda resigned as minister of court, although unrelated to the situation. A general strike in October shut down the petroleum industry that was essential to the administration's survival, "sealing the Shah's fate".〔Moin, ''Khomeini'' (2000), p. 189.〕 Continuation of protests ultimately led to Shah leaving from Iran January 16th 1979, clearing the way for the Iranian Revolution, led by the Ayatollah Khomeini.〔The Persian Sphinx: Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Iranian Revolution, Abbas Milani, pp. 292-293〕〔Seven Events That Made America America, Larry Schweikart, (p. )〕〔The Iranian Revolution of 1978/1979 and How Western Newspapers Reported It, Edgar Klüsener, p. 12〕〔Cultural History After Foucault, John Neubauer, p. 64〕〔Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society By Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach, p. 264〕〔The A to Z of Iran, John H. Lorentz, p. 63〕〔Islam and Politics, John L. Esposito, p. 212〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black Friday (1978)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|